|
(詳細はsocialist-inspired policies for most of its independent history, including state-ownership of many sectors; India's per capita income increased at only around 1% annualised rate in the three decades after its independence.〔 Since the mid-1980s, India has slowly opened up its markets through economic liberalisation. After more fundamental reforms since 1991 and their renewal in the 2000s, India has progressed towards a free market economy.〔 In the late 2000s, India's growth reached 7.5%, which will double the average income in a decade.〔 Analysts say that if India pushed more fundamental market reforms, it could sustain the rate and even reach the government's 2011 target of 10%.〔 States have large responsibilities over their economies. The annualised 1999–2008 growth rates for Tamil Nadu (9.9), Maharashtra (9.7%), Gujarat (9.6%), Haryana (9.1%), or Delhi (8.9%) were significantly higher than for Bihar (5.1%), Uttar Pradesh (4.4%), or Madhya Pradesh (6.5%). India is the seventh-largest economy in the world and the third largest by purchasing power parity adjusted exchange rates (PPP). On per capita basis, it ranks 140th in the world or 129th by PPP. The economic growth has been driven by the expansion of services that have been growing consistently faster than other sectors. It is argued that the pattern of Indian development has been a specific one and that the country may be able to skip the intermediate industrialisation-led phase in the transformation of its economic structure. Serious concerns have been raised about the jobless nature of the economic growth.〔NOVOTNÝ, J., RAMACHANDRAN, N. (2010): Alternative to jobless growth? All-India context and a case of participatory development scheme from rural Tamil Nadu. Geografie, 115, 3, 330–346. http://web.natur.cuni.cz/~pepino/Novotny_Ramachandran_2010_Alternative_to_jobless_growth.pdf〕 Favourable macroeconomic performance has been a necessary but not sufficient condition for the significant reduction of poverty amongst the Indian population. The rate of poverty decline has not been higher in the post-reform period (since 1991). The improvements in some other non-economic dimensions of social development have been even less favourable. The most pronounced example is an exceptionally high and persistent level of child malnutrition (46% in 2005–6).〔CHATTERJEE, P. (2007): Child malnutrition rises in India despite economic boom. The Lancet, 369, No. 9571, pp. 1417–1418.〕 The progress of economic reforms in India is followed closely. The World Bank suggests that the most important priorities are public sector reform, infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal of labour regulations, reforms in lagging states, and HIV/AIDS.〔(India Country Overview 2008 ). World Bank〕 For 2015, India ranked 142nd in Ease of Doing Business Index, which is setback as compared with China 90th,Russia 62nd and Brazil 120th. According to Index of Economic Freedom World Ranking an annual survey on economic freedom of the nations, India ranks 123rd as compared with China and Russia which ranks 138th and 144th respectively in 2012. At the turn of the century India's GDP was at around US$480 billion. As economic reforms picked up pace, India's GDP grew five-fold to reach US$2.3 trillion in 2015 (as per IMF estimates). India's GDP growth during January–March period of 2015 was at 7.5% compared to China's 7%, making it the fastest growing economy.〔http://rt.com/business/230915-india-china-world-economy/〕〔http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/02/11/its-official-india-has-passed-china-to-become-the-worlds-fastest-growing-economy/〕〔http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/india-pegs-201415-gdp-growth-at-74-per-cent/article6874926.ece〕 During 2014-15, India's GDP growth recovered marginally to 7.3% from 6.9% in the previous fiscal. During 2014-15, India's services sector grew by 10.1%, manufacturing sector by 7.1% & agriculture by 0.2%. The Indian government has forecast a growth of 8.1-8.5% during 2015-16. ==Agriculture== (詳細はranks first worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 18.6% of the GDP in 2005, employed 60% of the total workforce and despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, is still the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of India. Yields per unit area of all crops have grown since 1950, due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five-year plans and steady improvements in irrigation, technology, application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the green revolution. India is the largest producer in the world of milk, cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and black pepper.〔(Agriculture sector ) Indo British Partnership network, Retrieved on December 2007〕 It also has the world's largest cattle population (193 million).〔Lester R. Brown (World's Rangelands Deteriorating Under Mounting Pressure ) Earth Policy Institute, Retrieved on- February 2008〕 It is the second largest producer of wheat, rice, sugar, groundnut and inland fish.〔(Indian agriculture ) Agribusiness Information Centre, Retrieved on- February 2008〕 It is the third largest producer of tobacco.〔 India accounts for 10% of the world fruit production with first rank in the production of banana and sapota, also known as chiku.〔 The required level of investment for the development of marketing, storage and cold storage infrastructure is estimated to be huge. The government has implemented various schemes to raise investment in marketing infrastructure. Amongst these schemes are ''Construction of Rural Go downs'', ''Market Research and Information Network'', and ''Development / Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure, Grading and Standardisation''.〔(Agriculture marketing ) india.gov Retrieved on- February 2008〕 Main problems in the agricultural sector, as listed by the World Bank, are:〔(India: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development ). World Bank〕 * India's large agricultural subsidies are hampering productivity-enhancing investment. * Overregulation of agriculture has increased costs, price risks and uncertainty. * Government interventions in labour, land, and credit markets. * Inadequate infrastructure and services. ;Research and development The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), established in 1905, was responsible for the research leading to the "Indian Green Revolution" of the 1970s. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the apex body in kundiure and related allied fields, including research and education.〔(Objectives ) Indian agricultural research institute, Retrieved on December 2007〕 The Union Minister of Agriculture is the President of the ICAR. The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute develops new techniques for the design of agricultural experiments, analyses data in agriculture, and specialises in statistical techniques for animal and plant breeding. Prof. M.S. Swaminathan is known as "Father of the Green Revolution" and heads the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation.〔(MS Swaminathan ) Times Inc. Retrieved on- 21 February 2008〕 He is known for his advocacy of environmentally sustainable agriculture and sustainable food security. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Economic development in India」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|